Probabilistic reserve schedule with demand-side participation

A probabilistic reserve model with demand-side participation is proposed in this article. The possible cost of not providing enough energy is taken into account together with the schedule cost. An optimal risk index can be achieved by balancing these two costs via a Lagrangian relaxation based unit commitment (UC) equipped with the golden section search technique. The effect of unit's outage replacement rates (ORR) is considered under different case studies. Simulation results reveal that with the demand-side participation, the total cost, the expected energy not served (EENS) and the reserve cost are reduced significantly. It is also found that EENS increases when ORR increases.