Positron emission tomographic measurement of brain acetylcholinesterase activity using N-[11C]methylpiperidin-4-yl acetate without arterial blood sampling:: Methodology of shape analysis and its diagnostic power for Alzheimer's disease

N-[C-11]methylpiperidin-4-yl acetate ([C-11]MP4A) is a radiotracer that has been used successfully for the quantitative measurement of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the human brain with positron emission tomography (PET) using a standard compartment model analysis and a metabolite-corrected arterial input function. In the current study, the authors evaluated the applicability of a simple kinetic analysis without blood sampling, namely shape analysis. First, the authors used computer simulations to analyze factors that affect the precision and bias of shape analysis, then optimized the shape analysis procedure for [C-11]MP IA. Before shape analysis execution, the later part of dynamic PET data except for the initial 3 minutes were smoothed by fitting to a bi-exponential function followed by linear interpolation of 8 data points between each of adjacent scan frames. Simulations showed that shape analysis yielded estimates of regional metabolic rates of [C-11]MP4A by AChE (k(3)) with acceptable precision and bias in brain regions with low k(3) values such as neocortex. Estimates in regions with higher k(3) values became progressively more inaccurate. The authors then applied the method to [C-11]MP4A PET data in 10 healthy subjects and 20 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). There was a highly significant linear correlation in regional k(3) estimates between shape and compartment analyses (300 neocortical regions, [shape k(3)] = 0.93 x [NLS k(3)], r = 0.89, P < 0.001). Significant reductions in k(3) estimates of frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and sensorimotor cerebral cortices in patients with AD as compared with controls were observed when using shape analysis (P < 0.013, two-tailed t-test), although these reductions (17% to 20%) were somewhat less than those obtained by compartment analysis (22% to 27%). The sensitivity of shape analysis for detecting neocortical regions with abnormally low k(3) in the 20 patients with AD (92 out of 200 regions, 46%) also was somewhat less than compartment analysis (136 out of 200 regions, 68%). However, taking its simplicity and noninvasiveness into account, the authors conclude that quantitative measurement of neocortical AChE activity with shape analysis and [C-11]MP4A PET is practical and useful for clinical diagnosis of AD.