Investigating the evolution and structure of chemokine receptors

Chemokine receptors represent a prime target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies in a variety of disease processes, including inflammation, allergy and neoplasia. Here we use maximum likelihood methods and bootstrap methods to investigate both the phylogenetic relationships in a large set of human chemokine receptor sequences and the relationships between chemokine receptors and their nearest neighbors. We found that CCR and CXCR families are not homogeneous. We also provide evidences that angiotensin receptors are the closest neighbors. Other close neighbors include opioid, somatostatin and melanin-concentrating hormone receptors. The phylogenetic analysis suggests ancient paralogous relationships and establishes a link between immune, metabolic and neural systems modulation. We complement our findings with a structural analysis based on wavelet methods of the major branches of chemokine receptors phylogeny. We hypothesize that receptors very close in the tree can form heterodimers. Our analyses reveal different characteristics of amino acid hydrophobicity and volume propensity in the different subfamilies. We also found that the second extra-cytoplasmic loop has higher rates of evolution than the internal loops and transmembrane segments, suggesting that selection, shifting, reassignments and broadening of receptor binding specificities involve mainly this loop. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.