Oxidative stress antagonizes Wnt signaling in osteoblast precursors by diverting β-catenin from T cell factor- to Forkhead box O-mediated transcription

We have elucidated that oxidative stress is a pivotal pathogenetic factor of age-related bone loss and strength in mice, leading to, among other changes, a decrease in osteoblast number and bone formation. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism by which oxidative stress exerts such adverse effects, we have tested the hypothesis that induction of the Forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factors by reactive oxygen species may antagonize Wnt signaling, an essential stimulus for osteoblastogenesis. In support of this hypothesis, we report herein that the expression of FoxO target genes increases, whereas the expression of Wnt target genes decreases, with increasing age in C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, we show that in osteoblastic cell models, oxidative stress (exemplified by H2O2) promotes the association of FoxOs with beta-catenin, beta-catenin is required for the stimulation of FoxO target genes by H2O2, and H2O2 promotes FoxO-mediated transcription at the expense of Wnt-/T-cell factor-mediated transcription and osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, beta-catenin overexpression is sufficient to prevent FoxO-mediated suppression of T-cell factor transcription. These results demonstrate that diversion of the limited pool of beta-catenin from T-cell factor- to FoxO-mediated transcription in osteoblastic cells may account, at least in part, for the attenuation of osteoblastogenesis and bone formation by the age-dependent increase in oxidative stress.