CCL2 polymorphisms are associated with serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels and myocardial infarction in the framingham heart study

Background - Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a chemokine strongly implicated in promoting atherosclerosis in animal models, but human genetic evidence is contradictory. Methods and Results - We analyzed the association of genetic variation in the MCP-1 gene (CCL2) with prevalent myocardial infarction and serum MCP-1 levels in the community-based Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort (50% women; mean age, 62 years). MCP-1 levels and CCL2 genotypes were determined in 3236 and 1797 individuals, respectively. Significant clinical correlates of MCP-1 levels were age, cigarette smoking, triglycerides, body mass index, and waist-to-hip ratio. The MCP-1-2578G allele located in the CCL2 regulatory region was significantly associated with both higher serum MCP-1 levels in a recessive genetic model (358 +/- 10 versus 328 +/- 3 pg/mL; P = 0.002) and higher prevalence of myocardial infarction in a dominant genetic model (adjusted odds ratio, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.3; P = 0.005). We also defined the linkage disequilibrium structure at the CCL2 locus and observed 6 common haplotypes in whites. We performed haplotype-based association analysis and found that only the most frequent haplotype, defined by the MCP-1-2578G allele, was associated with prevalent MI. Conclusions - Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that MCP-1 is involved in the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction.