Neural injury, repair, and adaptation in the GI tract V. Genes, lineages, and tissue interactions in the development of the enteric nervous system

The enteric nervous system is derived from the vagal, rostral-truncal, and sacral levels of the neural crest. Because the crest-derived population that colonizes the bowel contains multipotent cells, terminal differentiation occurs in the gut and is influenced by both the enteric microenvironment and the responsivity of multiple lineages of precursors. Enteric growth factor-receptor combinations, which promote the development of enteric neurons and/or glia in most of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, include glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-GFR alpha-1-Ret, NT-3-TrkC, a still-to-be-identified neuropoietic cytokine-ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor-alpha, serotonin (5-HT)-5-HT2B, and LBP110, a 110-kDa laminin-l binding protein. A qualitatively different effect is shown by the peptide-receptor combination ET-3-ETB, which inhibits neuronal differentiation and appears to prevent the premature differentiation of enteric neurons before colonization of the GI tract has been completed (resulting in aganglionosis of the terminal colon).