Tissue-specific differences in antioxidant distribution and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation during development of the chick embryo

The purpose of this study was to determine the tissue-specific acquisition of antioxidant capacity during chick embryo development and to assess the effectiveness of this process in the prevention of lipid peroxidation. The transfer of alpha-tocopherol, carotenoids and ascorbic acid from the yolk/yolk sac membrane (YSM) to the developing chick embryo and the distribution of these antioxidant compounds between the embryonic tissues were investigated. The concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and carotenoids in the yolk decreased between day 15 of development and hatching at day 21, concomitant with an increase in the levels of these antioxidants in the YSM. The concentration of both these lipid-soluble antioxidants in the liver increased dramatically between day 18 of embryonic development and day 1 after hatching. The adipose tissue content of alpha-tocopherol also increased markedly during the late embryonic/early neonatal period. However, the levels of alpha-tocopherol in the liver were far higher than in any other tissue with particularly low levels observed for the brain. Also, carotenoids were undetectable in the developing brain. Ascorbic acid was not present in the initial yolk but high levels of this water-soluble antioxidant were detected in the YSM, particularly at the early stages of development. The concentration of ascorbic acid in the embryonic brain was far higher than in any other tissue. Homogenates of brain tissue were extremely susceptible to lipid peroxidation during incubation in vitro whereas extracts of liver, yolk and YSM were relatively resistant to lipid peroxidation, particularly in the absence of exogenous Fe2+.