Investigations into inhibitor type and mode, simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and cell transport of the angiotensin I-Converting enzyme-inhibitory peptides in pacific hake (Merluccius productus) fillet hydrolysate

Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) produced by incubation of Pacific hake fillet with 3.00% Protamex at pH 6.5 and 40 degrees C for 125 min demonstrated in vitro ACE-inhibitory activity (IC50 = 165,mu g/mL), which was enhanced by ultrafiltration through a 10 kDa molecular weight cutoff membrane (IC50 = 44 mu g/mL). However, after simulated gastrointestinal digestion, FPH and ultrafiltrate had similar ACE-inhibitory activity (IC50 = 90 mu g/mL), indicating that FPH peptides act as "pro-drug type" inhibitors and that enrichment by ultrafiltration may be unnecessary. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry confirmed that the molecular weights of major peaks were < 1 kDa regardless of ultrafiltration. ACE-inhibitory activities of digested hydrolysates were not significantly affected by preincubation with ACE (P > 0.05) and exhibited a competitive inhibitory mode. A permeability,assay using fully differentiated colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells showed an apical to basolateral transport of peptides that ranged from similar to 2 to 20% after 2 h at 37 degrees C. Pacific hake fillet hydrolysates are a potentially bioavailable source of ACE-inhibitory peptides awaiting further in vivo study.