A standard method to calibrate sonochemical efficiency of an individual reaction system

Fricke reaction, KI oxidation and decomposition of porphyrin derivatives by use of seven types of sonochemical apparatus in four different laboratories were examined in the range of frequency of 19.5 kHz to 1.2 MHz. The ultrasonic energy dissipated into an apparatus was determined also by calorimetry. Sonochemical efficiency of Fricke reaction and KI oxidation was defined as the number of reacted molecule per unit ultrasonic energy. The sonochemical efficiency is independent of experimental conditions such as the shape of sample cell and irradiation instruments, but depends on the ultrasonic frequency. We propose the KI oxidation dosimetry using 0.1 mol dm(-3) KI solution as a standard method to calibrate the sonochemical efficiency of an individual reaction system. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.