Hepatocyte metabolism of coenzyme Q1 (ubiquinone-5) to its sulfate conjugate decreases its antioxidant activity

Previous studies on the metabolism of coenyzme Q (CoQ) have focused on products found in the urine, bile or feces. However, the metabolites found in these samples were end products from a multitude of catabolic processes which did not necessarily reflect CoQ intracellular metabolism (e.g. in the liver, the major site of CoQ synthesis or metabolism). Using isolated rat hepatocytes, we have found that the sulfation of coenzyme Q(1)(CoQ(1)) was the initial and dominant step following its reduction to the hydroquinone. This metabolic process is important as conjugation may occur on the hydroquinone metabolites of any coenzyme Q(10) scission product retaining the quinone ring. By using rat liver cytosol, we were able to identify the monosulfated metabolite of CoQ(1). The CoQ(1) sulfate conjugate was identified by mass spectrometry followed by tandem mass spectrometry. The rate of formation of the CoQ1 sulfate conjugate was markedly increased by the addition of NADH and was prevented by dicumarol, a DT-diaphorase (NQO(1)) inhibitor. CoQ(1) sulfate conjugate formation catalysed by cytosol was inhibited by the sulfotransferase 1A (SULT1A) inhibitor, pentachlorophenol (PCP) suggesting that sulfation was carried out by the SULT1A isoform. CoQ(1) sulfation in isolated hepatocytes and inversely CoQ(1) hydroquinone formation were dependent on the concentration of inorganic sulfate in the media. Intracellular sulfation also decreased CoQ(1) antioxidant and cytoprotective activity towards cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) induced cell death. Sulfotransferases may therefore play a significant role in endogenous CoQ metabolism following its degradation to short chain products.