11C-choline positron emission tomography for the evaluation after treatment of localized prostate cancer

Rationale: The evaluation of the efficacy of the treatment of men with prostate cancer is largely based on post treatment levels of PSA. An increase in PSA or biochemical recurrence is the first sign of recurrent disease and precedes a clinically detectable recurrence by months to years. Digital rectal examination and conventional imaging techniques are not sensitive to detect a local recurrence. A metabolic imaging technique, which is not dependent on anatomical distortions, could be of use. In this study we investigated C-11-choline positron emission tomography (PET) for the evaluation after treatment of localized prostate cancer. Methods: Thirty-six patients with localized prostate cancer, treated by either radical prostatectomy (n = 20) or by external beam radiotherapy (n = 16) were studied with C-choline PET. The results of PET were compared with the results of histology and with clinical follow up. Results: Fourteen patients had no biochemical failure after therapy. C-choline PET was true negative in 14/14 patients. Twenty-two patients had a biochemical failure. In the radical prostatectomy patients C-choline PET was true positive in 5/13 (38%) cases. In the external beam radiotherapy patients C-choline PET was true positive in 7/9 (78%). The recurrent tumor was confirmed by biopsy or by bone scan in eleven of the twelve true positive patients. In ten patients with a negative C-choline PET scan, no recurrent tumor could be proven yet clinically, by biopsy or during follow up. Conclusion: C-11-choline PET is a feasible technique for evaluation of treatment for localized prostate cancer. The site of recurrence was detected correctly in 78% of the patients after external beam radiotherapy compared to 38% of the patients after radical prostatectomy. No positive PET scans were observed sofar in patients with a serum PSA <5 ng/ml. Confirmatory studies and longer follow up are needed to determine the efficacy of C-choline PET compared to other imaging techniques. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.