Superiority of "triple" drug therapy in heart failure: Insights from the PROVED and RADIANCE trials

Objectives. We sought to study the efficacy of "triple" therapy with digoxin, diuretic and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) compared to other combinations of these drugs in patients with symptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Background. Controversy continues concerning the role of combining digoxin with diuretic and ACEI in the initial management of patients with heart failure. Methods. The study utilized data from two studies of digoxin efficacy: Prospective Randomized Study of Ventricular Function and Efficacy of Digoxin (PROVED) and Randomized Assessment of Digoxin and Inhibitors of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (RADIANCE). Worsening heart failure defined as augmentation of heart failure therapy or an emergency room visit or hospitalization for increased heart failure was the main outcome measure. Results. A total of 266 patients comprising the four treatment groups of the combined PROVED (diuretic alone or digoxin and diuretic) and RADIANCE (ACEI and diuretic, or digoxin, diuretic and ACEI) trials were analyzed, Worsening heart failure occurred in only 4 of the 85 patients who continued digoxin, diuretic and ACEI therapy (4.7%) compared to 18 of the 42 patients (19%) on digoxin and diuretic therapy (p = 0.009), to 23 of the 93 patients (25%) on ACEI and diuretic therapy (p = 0.001) and to 18 of the 46 patients (39%) on diuretic alone (p < 0.001). Life table and multivariate analysis also demonstrated that worsening heart failure was least likely in patients treated with triple therapy (p < 0.01 vs, all other groups). Conclusion. Pending definitive, prospective clinical trials, our results argue for triple therapy as the initial management of patients with symptomatic heart failure due to systolic dysfunction. (J Am Coil Cardiol 1998;32:686-92) (C) 1998 by the American College of Cardiology.