Nociceptive neurones in rat superior colliculus .1. Antidromic activation from the contralateral predorsal bundle

Accumulating evidence suggests that the rodent superior colliculus (SC) plays as important a role in avoidance and defensive behaviours as it does in orientation and approach. These two complementary behaviours are associated with two anatomically segregated tectofugal output pathways, such that orientation and approach are mediated by the crossed descending projection, whereas avoidance and defence are subserved via the uncrossed projection. Because nociceptive neurones in the SC have been presumed to participate in withdrawal or defensive behaviours, it has been proposed that they have direct access only to the uncrossed efferent pathway. However, in certain behavioural situations, the most adaptive response to injury, or to a painful object in prolonged contact with the skin, is to orient towards the source of discomfort so that the skin can be licked and/or the offending object removed. Presumably then, nociceptive as well as low-threshold neurones would have access to the crossed descending pathway in order to initiate such behaviours. Determining whether or not this is the case was the objective of the present study. Both nociceptive-specific (82%) and wide-dynamic-range (18%) SC neurones were identified using long-duration (up to 6 s), frankly noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli in urethane-anaesthetised Long-Evans hooded rats. The majority (85.7%) of the nociceptive neurones encountered were located within the intermediate layers, which corresponds with the location of the cells-of-origin of the crossed descending projection. Nearly half (44.9%) were activated antidromically from electrical stimulation of the crossed descending pathway at a site in the brainstem below its decussation. The mean conduction velocity of these nociceptive output neurones was 9.02 m/s, which corresponds well to previous estimates of conduction velocity in the crossed tecto-reticulo-spinal tract. These data demonstrate that a significant proportion of nociceptive neurones in the rat SC have axons that project to the contralateral brainstem via the crossed descending projection. Nociceptive neurones could, therefore, effect orientation responses to noxious stimuli via similar output pathways that low-threshold neurones utilize to initiate orientation to innocuous stimuli.