Protozoan bacterivory in the ice and the water column of a cold temperate lagoon

Bacterial abundance and bacterivorous protist abundance and activity were examined in ice-brine and water column communities of a cold temperate Japanese lagoon (Saroma-Ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, 44 degrees N, 144 degrees E), during the late winter phase of ice community development (February-March 1992). Bacterial abundance averaged 6 and 1 x 10(5) cells ml(-1) in the ice-brine and plankton samples, respectively, and generally decreased during the sampling period. Bacterivorous protists, identified based on direct observation of short-term (<1 h) ingested fluorescently labeled bacteria (FLB) in their food vacuoles, were largely dominated by flagellates, mainly cryothecomonad-type and chrysomonad-like cells and small dinoflagellates of the genus Gymnodinium. Bacterivorous ciliates included mainly the prostomatid Urotricha sp., the scuticociliates Uronema and Cyclidium, the choreotrichs Lohmaniella oviformis and Strobilidium, and the hypotrich Euplotes sp. Protist abundance averaged 4 x 10(3) and 8.1 cells ml(-1) in the ice-brine and 0.3 x 10(3) and 1.2 cells ml(-1) in the plankton, for flagellates and ciliates, respectively. In contrast to bacteria, the abundance of protists generally increased throughout the sampling period, indicating predator-prey interactions. Protistan bacterivory, measured from the rate of FLB disappearance over 24 h, averaged 36% (ice) and 24% (plankton) of bacterial standing stock and exhibited the same seasonal pattern as for protist abundance. The calculated specific clearance (range, 2-67 nl protozoa(-1) h(-1)) and ingestion (<1-26 particles protozoa(-1) h(-1)) rates were likely to be minimal estimates and grazing impact may have been higher on occasion. Indications for the dependence of "bacterivorous protists" on nonbacterial food items were also provided. Although alternative sources of bacterial loss are likely to be of importance, this study provides evidence for the potential of protozoan assemblages as bacterial grazers in both sea ice-brine biota and water column at the southern limit of sea ice in the northern hemisphere.