Regulation of stearoyl coenzyme a desaturase expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells by retinoic acid

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) is a regulatory enzyme involved in the synthesis of the monounsaturated fatty acids palmitoleate and oleate. The regulation of SCD is of physiological importance because the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids is thought to modulate membrane fluidity. Differential display analysis of retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells identified SCD as a gene regulated by retinoic acid. Two SCD transcripts of 3.9 and 5.2 kilobases in size were found to be expressed in these cells by Northern blot analysis. All-trans-retinoic acid (all-trans-RA) increased SCD mRNA expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner; a similar to7-fold increase was observed with 1 mum all-trans-RA at 48 h. SCD m-RNA expression was also increased by 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-cis-RA) as well as 4-(E-2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid (TT-NPB), a retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-specific agonist. AGN194301, a RAR alpha -specific antagonist, suppressed the SCD expression induced by all-trans-RA, TTNPB, and 9-cis-RA. These results indicate the involvement of RAR alpha in the induction of SCD expression by retinoic acid. However, AGN194204, a RXR (retinoid X receptor) pan agonist, also increased SCD mRNA expression. This increase was not blocked by AGN194301, suggesting that an RAR-independent mechanism may also be involved. Thus, SCD expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells is regulated by retinoic acid, and the regulation appears to be mediated through RAR and RXR.