Molecular pharmacology and physiology of glutamate transporters in the central nervous system

1. Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, but it is also a potent neurotoxin, Following release of glutamate from presynaptic vesicles into the synapse and activation of a variety of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, glutamate is removed from the synapse. This is achieved through active uptake of glutamate by transporters located pre- and also post-synaptically or, alternatively, glutamate can diffuse out of the synapse and be taken up by transporters located on the cell surface of glial cells. 2. Complementary DNA. encoding a number of glutamate transporters have recently been cloned and form a family of structurally related membrane proteins with a high degree of amino acid sequence conservation. Expression of the cloned glutamate transporters in various cell types has aided in the characterization of the functional properties of the different transporter subtypes. 3. Glutamate transport is coupled to sodium, potassium and pH gradients across the cell membrane creating an electrogenic process. This allows transport to be measured using electrophysiological techniques, which has greatly aided in understanding some of the basic mechanisms of the transport process and has also allowed a detailed understanding of the molecular pharmacology of the different transporter subtypes. 4. In the present review I shall discuss some of the recent advances in understanding the molecular basis for glutamate transporter function and then highlight some of the unanswered questions concerning the physiological roles of these proteins and suggest possible strategies for pharmacological manipulation of transporters for the treatment of neurological disorders.