Management effects on net ecosystem carbon and GHG budgets at European crop sites

被引:191
作者
Ceschia, E. [1 ]
Beziat, P. [1 ]
Dejoux, J. F. [1 ]
Aubinet, M. [2 ]
Bernhofer, Ch. [3 ]
Bodson, B. [4 ]
Buchmann, N. [5 ]
Carrara, A. [6 ]
Cellier, P. [7 ]
Di Tommasi, P. [8 ]
Elbers, J. A. [9 ]
Eugster, W. [5 ]
Gruenwald, T. [3 ]
Jacobs, C. M. J. [9 ]
Jans, W. W. P. [9 ]
Jones, M. [10 ]
Kutsch, W. [11 ]
Lanigan, G. [12 ]
Magliulo, E. [8 ]
Marloie, O. [13 ]
Moors, E. J. [9 ]
Moureaux, C. [4 ]
Olioso, A. [13 ]
Osborne, B. [14 ]
Sanz, M. J. [6 ]
Saunders, M. [14 ]
Smith, P. [15 ]
Soegaard, H. [16 ]
Wattenbach, M. [15 ]
机构
[1] CESBIO, UMR 5126, CNES, CNRS,UPS,IRD, F-31401 Toulouse 9, France
[2] Univ Liege Gembloux Agro Bio Tech, Unit Biosyst Phys, BE-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
[3] Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Hydrol & Meteorol, D-01737 Tharandt, Germany
[4] Univ Liege Gembloux Agro Bio Tech, Crops Management Unit, BE-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
[5] ETH, Inst Anim Plant & Agroecosyst Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
[6] CEAM, Fdn Comunidad Valenciana, Ctr Estudios Ambientales Mediterraneo, Peterna 46980, Spain
[7] INRA, Res Unit Environm & Arable Crops, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon, France
[8] CNR, ISAFoM, Inst Mediterranean Agr & Forest Syst, I-80056 Ercolano, NA, Italy
[9] Alterra, Wageningen UR, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
[10] Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Dept Bot, Dublin 2, Ireland
[11] Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Jena, Germany
[12] Johnstown Res Ctr, Johnstown Castle, Co Wexford, Ireland
[13] INRA, UMR 1114, F-84914 Avignon, France
[14] Univ Coll Dublin, Sch Biol & Environm Sci, Dublin 4, Ireland
[15] Univ Aberdeen, Sch Biol Sci, Inst Biol & Environm Sci, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, Scotland
[16] Univ Copenhagen, Inst Geog & Geol, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
关键词
Crop; Eddy covariance; Carbon budget; Greenhouse gases budget; Management; Field operations; Europe; NORTH CENTRAL REGION; SOIL ORGANIC-CARBON; NO-TILL ECOSYSTEM; EDDY COVARIANCE; DIOXIDE EXCHANGE; CO2; FLUX; BIOME PRODUCTIVITY; NITROUS-OXIDE; AGRICULTURE; BALANCE;
D O I
10.1016/j.agee.2010.09.020
中图分类号
S [农业科学];
学科分类号
09 ;
摘要
The greenhouse gas budgets of 15 European crop sites covering a large climatic gradient and corresponding to 41 site-years were estimated. The sites included a wide range of management practices (organic and/or mineral fertilisation, tillage or ploughing, with or without straw removal, with or without irrigation, etc.) and were cultivated with 15 representative crop species common to Europe. At all sites, carbon inputs (organic fertilisation and seeds), carbon exports (harvest or fire) and net ecosystem production (NEP), measured with the eddy covariance technique, were calculated. The variability of the different terms and their relative contributions to the net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB) were analysed for all site-years, and the effect of management on NECB was assessed. To account for greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes that were not directly measured on site, we estimated the emissions caused by field operations (EFO) for each site using emission factors from the literature. The EFO were added to the NECB to calculate the total GHG budget (GHGB) for a range of cropping systems and management regimes. N2O emissions were calculated following the IPCC (2007) guidelines, and CH4 emissions were estimated from the literature for the rice crop site only. At the other sites, CH4 emissions/oxidation were assumed to be negligible compared to other contributions to the net GHGB. Finally, we evaluated crop efficiencies (CE) in relation to global warming potential as the ratio of C exported from the field (yield) to the total GHGB. On average, NEP was negative (-284 +/- 228 gC m(-2) year(-1)), and most cropping systems behaved as atmospheric sinks, with sink strength generally increasing with the number of days of active vegetation. The NECB was, on average, 138 +/- 239 gC m(-2) year(-1), corresponding to an annual loss of about 2.6 +/- 4.5% of the soil organic C content, but with high uncertainty. Management strongly influenced the NECB, with organic fertilisation tending to lower the ecosystem carbon budget. On average, emissions caused by fertilisers (manufacturing, packaging, transport, storage and associated N2O emissions) represented close to 76% of EFO. The operation of machinery (use and maintenance) and the use of pesticides represented 9.7 and 1.6% of EFO, respectively. On average, the NEP (through uptake of CO2) represented 88% of the negative radiative forcing, and exported C represented 88% of the positive radiative forcing of a mean total GHGB of 203 +/- 253 gC-eq m(-2) year(-1). Finally, CE differed considerably among crops and according to management practices within a single crop. Because the CE was highly variable, it is not suitable at this stage for use as an emission factor for management recommendations, and more studies are needed to assess the effects of management on crop efficiency. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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页码:363 / 383
页数:21
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