WE studied the temporal and spatial mRNA expression pattern of activin/inhibin beta(A), beta(B) and alpha subunits after unilateral kainic acid lesions of the hippocampal CA3 region. We found a strikingly increased expression of beta(A) mRNA in the ipsilateral hippocampus 6-24 h after injury. By contrast, the beta(B) and alpha mRNAs were expressed at equally low levels in normal and injured hippocampi, suggesting that the beta(A) transcripts give rise to activin A, but not to activin AB or inhibin. In situ hybridization demonstrated the presence of beta(A) mRNA in neurones near the site of lesion. Expression of all known types of activin receptors could be demonstrated in normal and injured hippocampi by RT-PCR. These findings suggest a role of activin in brain injury.