Human recombinant alpha-parvalbumin and nine mutants with individually inactivated calcium- and magnesium-binding sites: Biochemical and immunological properties

Human recombinant alpha-parvalbumin (PVwt) and nine mutant proteins, containing in activating substitutions at positions essential for Ca2+ binding in the CD Ca2+-binding site (PVE62V, PVD51A, PVD51A,62V), the EF site (PVE101V, PVD90A, PVD90A,E101V) or in both PVE62V,E101V, PVD51A,D90A, PVD51A,E62A,E101V, were expressed and purified. Flow dialysis revealed that PVwt binds 2 Ca2+ with equal K-Ca', of 2.3 x 10(7) M(-1) and that Mg2+ competes with a K-Mg.compet.' of 4.9 x 10(3) M(-1). The three mutants with an inactivated CD site bind 1 Ca2+ with K-Ca' of 2.0 x 2.3 x 10(7) M(-1) and K-Mg.compet.' of 3.4 to 4.6 x 10(3) M(-1), i.e. very similar to those of PVwt. The mutants with an inactivated EF site bind 1 Ca2+ with K-Ca' values of 7.9 x 10(6), 4.5 x 10(6) and 3.6 x 10(6) M(-1) for PVD91A, PVE102V and PVE101V,D91A, respectively. The K-Mg.compet.' values of these mutants are about 4-times lower than in PVwt. The three mutants with both sites inactivated bind neither Ca2+ nor Mg2+. After excitation at 259 nm, human PV, which contains neither Tyr nor Trp, shows maximal fluorescence emission at 283 nm. Binding of either Ca2+ or Mg2+ to PVwt or to mutants with an inactivated EF site lead to a 1.8 fold decrease in fluorescence intensity, whereas the mutants with an inactivated CD show only a very slight decrease upon binding of Ca2+ or Mg2+. Specific antibodies against human alpha-parvalbumin were raised in rabbits. Their reactivity was tested against the mutant proteins, and their potential value for location and functional studies was investigated.