Efficient electron injection mechanism in organic light-emitting diodes using an ultra thin layer of low-work-function metals

To achieve efficient electron injection in organic light-emitting diodes, we examine ultra thin layers (0.50 nm) of the low-work-function metals, Cs (1.9eV), Rb (2.2eV), K (2.3eV), Na (2.4eV), Li (2.9eV), and Ca (2.9eV) capped with aluminum (Al) as a cathode layer. While all the alkali metals show a decrease of driving voltage compared with a single Al cathode, the Cs layer especially shows a significant decrease, and we obtain a high current density of 1.9 A/cm(2) at an applied voltage of only 10V by using this layer. We demonstrate that efficient electron injection is achieved when we use a Cs layer with a thickness of less than 3 nm, although electron injection efficiency abruptly decreases when using a Cs layer thicker than 3 nm. From the Cs thickness dependence of current-voltage characteristics, we conclude that Cs atoms form an alloy layer with aluminum atoms at the organic/Al cathode interface, organic layer/Cs:Al/Al, that significantly enhances electron injection compared with that obtained from bulk Cs layers.