Overview of cancer epigenetics

Epigenetic mechanisms including DNA and histone modifications result in silencing of genes without changing the coding sequence of the gene. Even though these events are heritable, they are potentially reversible, thus opening up opportunities for therapeutic intervention. The importance of epigenetic changes in human cancer is only now being recognized in the medical community. A series of discoveries over the last four decades has thrust epigenetics into the forefront of new drug discoveries. Three systems - DNA methylation, RNA-associated silencing, and histone modification - are used to initiate and sustain epigenetic silencing. Current knowledge suggests that agents that intervene in this process by "turning back on" silenced genes may represent a significant advancement in treating many forms of cancer. In addition, changed patterns of methylation can be detected with a high degree of sensitivity thus providing clinicians with prognostic information. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.