Cell cycle arrest by Vpr in HIV-1 virions and insensitivity to antiretroviral agents

Expression of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr after productive infection of T cells induces cell cycle arrest in the G(2) phase of the cell cycle. In the absence of de novo expression, HIV-1 Vpr packaged into virions still induced cell cycle arrest. Naturally noninfectious virus or virus rendered defective for infection by reverse transcriptase or protease inhibitors were capable of inducing Vpr-mediated cell cycle arrest. These results suggest a model whereby both infectious and noninfectious virions in vivo, such as those surrounding follicular dendritic cells, participate in immune suppression.