Biosynthesis of caffeine in leaves of coffee

The levels of endogenous caffeine and theobromine were much higher in buds and young leaves of Coffea arabica L. cv Kent than in fully developed leaves. Biosynthesis of caffeine from C-14-labeled adenine, guanine, xanthosine, and theobromine was observed, whereas other studies (H. Ashihara, A.M. Monteiro, T. Moritz, F.M. Gillies, A. Crozier [1996] Planta 198: 334-339) have indicated that there is no detectable incorporation of label into caffeine when theophylline and xanthine are used as substrates for in vivo feeds with leaves of C. arabica. The capacity for caffeine biosynthesis, especially from guanine and xanthosine, was reduced markedly in both fully developed mature and aged leaves. Data obtained in pulse-chase experiments with young leaves indicate the operation of an AMP --> IMP --> xanthosine 5'-monophosphate (or CMP --> guanosine) --> xanthosine --> 7-methylxanthosine --> 7-methylxanthine --> theobromine --> caffeine pathway. The data obtained provide strong evidence against proposals by G.M. Nazario and C.J. Lovatt ([1993] Plant Physiol 103: 1203-1210) concerning the independence of caffeine and theobromine biosynthesis pathways and the role of xanthine as a key intermediate in caffeine biosynthesis.