Regulation of p53 sequence-specific DNA-binding by covalent poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation

We have characterized the covalent poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of p53 using an in vitro reconstituted system. We used recombinant wild type p53, recombinant poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) (EC 2.4.2.30), and beta NAD(+). Our results show that the covalent poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of p53 is a time-dependent protein-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reaction and that the addition of this tumor suppressor protein to a PARP-1 automodification mixture stimulates total protein-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation 3- to 4-fold. Electrophoretic analysis of the products synthesized indicated that short oligomers predominate early during hetero-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, whereas longer ADP-ribose chains are synthesized at later times of incubation. A more drastic effect in the complexity of the ADP-ribose chains generated was observed when the beta NAD(+) concentration was varied. As expected, increasing the beta NAD(+) concentration from low nanomolar to high micromolar levels resulted in the slower electrophoretic migration of the p53-(ADP-ribose). adducts. Increasing the concentration of p53 protein from low nanomolar (40 nm) to low micromolar (1.0 mum) yielded higher amounts of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated p53 as well. Thus, the reaction was acceptor protein concentration-dependent. The hetero-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of p53 also showed that high concentrations of p53 specifically stimulated the automodification reaction of PARP-1. The covalent modification of p53 resulted in the inhibition of the binding ability of this transcription factor to its DNA consensus sequence as judged by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. In fact, controls carried out with calf thymus DNA, beta NAD(+), PARP-1, and automodified PARP-1 confirmed our conclusion that the covalent poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of p53 results in the transcriptional inactivation of this tumor suppressor protein.