Impact of plaque components on no-reflow phenomenon after stent deployment in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound analysis

Aims We used virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS) to evaluate the relation between coronary plaque characteristics and no-reflow in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. Methods and results A total of 190 consecutive ACS patients were imaged using VH-IVUS and analysed retrospectively. Angiographic no-reflow was defined as TIMI flow grade 0, 1, and 2 after stenting. Virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound classified the colour-coded tissue into four major components: fibrotic, fibro-fatty, dense calcium, and necrotic core (NC). Thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) was defined as focal, NC-rich (>= 10% of the cross-sectional area) plaques being in contact with the lumen in a plaque burden >= 40%. Of the 190 patients studied at pre-stenting, no-reflow was observed in 24 patients (12.6%) at post-stenting. The absolute and % NC areas at the minimum lumen sites (1.6 +/- 1.2 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.8 mm(2), P < 0.001, and 24.5 +/- 14.3 vs. 16.1 +/- 10.6%, P = 0.001, respectively) and the absolute and % NC volumes (30 +/- 24 vs. 16 +/- 17 mm(3), P = 0.001, and 22 +/- 11 vs. 14 +/- 8%, P < 0.001, respectively) were significantly greater, and the presence of at least one TCFA and multiple TCFAs within culprit lesions (71 vs. 36%, P = 0.001, and 38 vs. 15%, P = 0.005, respectively) was significantly more common in the no-reflow group compared with the normal-reflow group. In the multivariable analysis, % NC volume was the only independent predictor of no-reflow (odds ratio = 1.126; 95% CI 1.045-1.214, P = 0.002). Conclusion In ACS patients, post-stenting no-reflow is associated with plaque components defined by VH-IVUS analysis with larger NC and more TCFAs.