Concentrations of fine, ultrafine, and black carbon particles in auto-rickshaws in New Delhi, India

被引:169
作者
Apte, Joshua S. [3 ]
Kirchstetter, Thomas W. [4 ]
Reich, Alexander H. [5 ]
Deshpande, Shyam J. [5 ]
Kaushik, Geetanjali [6 ]
Chel, Arvind [6 ]
Marshall, Julian D. [1 ]
Nazaroff, William W. [2 ]
机构
[1] Univ Minnesota, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
[2] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
[3] Univ Calif Berkeley, Energy & Resources Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
[4] Univ Calif Berkeley, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
[5] Grinnell Coll, Grinnell, IA 50112 USA
[6] Indian Inst Technol, New Delhi 110016, India
关键词
Particulate matter; Megacity; Microenvironment; Urban air quality; Transportation; Exposure; AIR-POLLUTION; PARTICULATE MATTER; COMMUTER EXPOSURE; PERSONAL EXPOSURE; EMISSION FACTORS; AEROSOL NUMBER; POLLUTANTS; QUALITY; MASS; TRANSPORT;
D O I
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.028
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Concentrations of air pollutants from vehicles are elevated along roadways, indicating that human exposure in transportation microenvironments may not be adequately characterized by centrally located monitors. We report results from similar to 180 h of real-time measurements of fine particle and black carbon mass concentration (PM2.5, BC) and ultrafine particle number concentration (PN) inside a common vehicle, the auto-rickshaw, in New Delhi, India. Measured exposure concentrations are much higher in this study (geometric mean for similar to 60 trip-averaged concentrations: 190 mu g m(-3) PM2.5, 42 mu g m(-3) BC, 280 x 10(3) particles cm(-3); GSD similar to 1.3 for all three pollutants) than reported for transportation microenvironments in other megacities. In-vehicle concentrations exceeded simultaneously measured ambient levels by 1.5x for PM2.5, 3.6x for BC, and 8.4x for PN. Short-duration peak concentrations (averaging time: 10 s), attributable to exhaust plumes of nearby vehicles, were greater than 300 mu g m(-3) for PM2.5, 85 mu g m(-3) for BC, and 650 x 10(3) particles cm(-3) for PN. The incremental increase of within-vehicle concentration above ambient levels-which we attribute to in- and near-roadway emission sources-accounted for 30%, 68% and 86% of time-averaged in-vehicle PM2.5, BC and PN concentrations, respectively. Based on these results, we estimate that one's exposure during a daily commute by auto-rickshaw in Delhi is as least as large as full-day exposures experienced by urban residents of many high-income countries. This study illuminates an environmental health concern that may be common in many populous, low-income cities. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:4470 / 4480
页数:11
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