Opposite effects of peroxidase in the initial stages of tyrosinase-catalysed melanin biosynthesis

The tyrosinase/oxygen enzymatic system catalyses the orthohydroxylation Of L-tyrosine to L-dopa and the oxidation of this to dopaquinone, which evolves non-enzymatically towards to form melanins. The literature has demonstrated and revised the existence of peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide in the melanosomas of skin melanocytes, but points to controversy concerning the effects on melanogenesis. Some authors have recently proposed a new physiological function for tyrosinase, namely the direct scavenging of tyrosyl radicals, which are toxic oxidants of melanocytes. In this contribution, we describe and interpret four effects of peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide on melanogenesis. Two of these effects are its antagonism and synergy as regards the monophenolase and diphenolase activities, respectively, of tyrosinase/oxygen in the initial steps that trigger melanogenesis. Another effect concerns the increase in the oxidant character of the medium in the melanosome by increasing the synthesis of oxidising quinones (o-dopaquinone, p-topaquinone, dopachrome) and the consumption of antioxidant diphenols (L-dopa), which are intermediate biomolecules in melanogenesis. Lastly, we demonstrate that the tyrosyl radicals generated by light or by the peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide system are not directly trapped by the tyrosinase but by the antioxidant orthodiphenol, L-dopa, accumulated in the steady-state of melanogenesis. In conclusion, peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide may help regulate the development of melanogenesis and the oxidant environment within the melanosome. This enzyme deserves further study for its possible antiturnoral and depigmentation capacities in skin cancer and hyperpigmentation. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.