Comparison of progressive cortical gray matter loss in childhood-onset schizophrenia with that in childhood-onset atypical psychoses

Background: Recent anatomical brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies show a striking postpsychotic progressive loss of cortical gray matter (GM) in patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS), which appears greater than that seen for adult patients. However, the diagnostic specificity and the relationship of these changes to drug treatment and cognitive functioning remain unclear. We performed a comparative prospective brain MRI study in patients with COS and pediatric patients with transient psychosis with behavior problems (psychosis not otherwise specified) provisionally considered multidimensionally impaired (MDI). We hypothesized that cortical GM loss would occur in patients with COS but not in adolescents with atypical psychoses. Methods: Anatomical brain MRI was performed at baseline and follow-up in 19 patients in the MDl group (mean [SD] age of 13.3 [3.1] years); in 23 patients with COS matched for age, sex, IQ score, and drug treatment (mean [SDI age of 13.9 [2.5] years); and 38 healthy control subjects matched for age and sex (mean [SD] age of 13.3 [3.1] years). The mean (SD) follow-up was 2.5 (0.8) years. Volumes of the cerebrum and total and regional GM were obtained by using automated analysis, and percent change in volume across time was calculated. One-way analyses. of variance with post hoc Tukey Honestly Significantly Different comparisons were performed to examine group differences in the percent change in GM across follow-up. Results: The COS group had significantly greater total, frontal, temporal, and parietal GM loss than did the MDI or healthy control groups; analysis of variance post hoc P values ranged from .03 to .001. The MDI and control groups did not differ significantly from each other. Conclusions: The cortical GM volume loss in COS appears diagnostically specific; it was not seen in children and adolescents with atypical psychosis. Because both patient groups had similar early developmental patterns, cognitive functioning, medications, and hospitalizations, this progressive loss appears to be intrinsic to COS. An ongoing neurodevelopmental process and/or brain response specific to the illness could account for these changes.