The dawn of human matrilineal diversity

被引:274
作者
Behar, Doron M. [1 ]
Villems, Richard [2 ,3 ]
Soodyall, Himla [4 ,5 ]
Blue-Smith, Jason [6 ]
Pereira, Luisa [7 ,8 ]
Metspalu, Ene [2 ,3 ]
Scozzari, Rosaria [9 ]
Makkan, Heeran [4 ,5 ]
Tzur, Shay [1 ]
Comas, David [10 ]
Bertranpetit, Jaume [10 ]
Quintana-Murci, Lluis [11 ]
Tyler-Smith, Chris [12 ]
Wells, R. Spencer [6 ]
Rosset, Saharon [13 ,14 ]
机构
[1] Rambam Hlth Care Campus, Mol Med Lab, IL-31096 Haifa, Israel
[2] Univ Tartu, Dept Evolut Biol, EE-51010 Tartu, Estonia
[3] Univ Tartu, Dept Evolut Biol, Estonian Bioctr, EE-51010 Tartu, Estonia
[4] Univ Witwatersrand, ZA-2000 Johannesburg, South Africa
[5] Univ Witwatersrand, Natl Hlth Lab Serv, Div Human Genet, Sch Pathol, ZA-2000 Johannesburg, South Africa
[6] Natl Geog Soc, Mission Program, Washington, DC 20036 USA
[7] Univ Porto, Inst Pathol & Immunol Mol, P-4200465 Oporto, Portugal
[8] Univ Porto, Fac Med, P-4200319 Oporto, Portugal
[9] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Genet & Biol Mol, I-00185 Rome, Italy
[10] Univ Pompeu Fabra, Dept Expt & Hlth Sci, Evolut Biol Unit, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
[11] Inst Pasteur, CNRS, URA 3012, Unit Human Evolut Genet, F-75724 Paris, France
[12] Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England
[13] IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Data Analyt Res Grp, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA
[14] Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Math Sci, Dept Stat & Operat Res, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
基金
英国惠康基金;
关键词
D O I
10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002
中图分类号
Q3 [遗传学];
学科分类号
071007 ; 090102 ;
摘要
The quest to explain demographic history during the early part of human evolution has been limited because of the scarce paleoanthropological record from the Middle Stone Age. To shed light on the structure of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogeny at the dawn of Homo sapiens, we constructed a matrilineal tree composed of 624 complete mtDNA genomes from sub-Saharan Hg L lineages. We paid particular attention to the Khoi and San (Khoisan) people of South Africa because they are considered to be a unique relic of hunter-gatherer lifestyle and to carry paternal and maternal lineages belonging to the deepest clades known among modern humans. Both the tree phylogeny and coalescence calculations suggest that Khoisan matrilineal ancestry diverged from the rest of the human mtDNA pool 90,000-150,000 years before present (ybp) and that at least five additional, currently extant maternal lineages existed during this period in parallel. Furthermore, we estimate that a minimum of 40 other evolutionarily successful lineages flourished in sub-Saharan Africa during the period of modern human dispersal out of Africa approximately 60,000-70,000 ybp. Only much later, at the beginning of the Late Stone Age, about 40,000 ybp, did introgression of additional lineages occur into the Khoisan mtDNA pool. This process was further accelerated during the recent Bantu expansions. Our results suggest that the early settlement of humans in Africa was already matrilineally structured and involved small, separately evolving isolated populations.
引用
收藏
页码:1130 / 1140
页数:11
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