Histopathologic observations of the aging gerbil cochlea

Age-related histopathologic changes were examined in cochleas from 17 gerbils born and kept in a quiet environment until near the end of their life expectancy. Hearing loss varied greatly as did the loss of outer hair cells (OHC). Inner hair cells (IHC) were seldom missing even in cochleas with severe hearing losses. Flask- and spherical-shaped OHCs were frequently seen in the apical turn. Stereocilia were usually present and orderly on OHCs, but the tallest row of stereocilia on IHCs was often disarrayed and sometimes missing. Alterations in supporting cells were sometimes present in regions of extensive OHC loss. Although pillar cells were seldom missing, the nuclei of outer pillar cells were commonly displaced from their normal basal position. The density of radial fibers appeared similar to that in young gerbils except in the apical turn of one old ear where a marked loss of radial fibers occurred without an attendant loss of IHCs. All of the quiet-aged cochleas showed a characteristic clustering of epithelial cells lining the scala media surface of Reissner's membrane. This structural rearrangement was not accompanied by a significant decrease in the total number of cells forming Reissner's membrane and did not appear to be associated with hearing loss. The findings confirm and extend earlier work showing that several different types of cells are susceptible to histopathologic changes in old ears. The extent of histopathologic changes varied widely as did the degree of hearing loss in animals with a restricted genetic background and maintained under carefully controlled environmental conditions. It was not possible, based on these initial findings, to relate specific structural to specific functional changes in the aging cochlea. Further light and electron microscopic analysis of other regions from these aged cochleas may provide more conclusive data.