Smart bridges, smart tunnels: Transforming wireless sensor networks from research prototypes into robust engineering infrastructure

We instrumented large civil engineering infrastructure items, such as bridges and tunnels, with sensors that monitor their operational performance and deterioration. In so doing we discovered that commercial offerings of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are still geared towards research prototypes and are currently not yet mature for deployment in practical scenarios. We distill the experience gained during this 3-year interdisciplinary project into specific advice for researchers and developers. We discuss problems and solutions in a variety of areas including sensor hardware, radio propagation, node deployment, system security and data visualization. We also point out the problems that are still open and that the community needs to address to enable widespread adoption of WSNs outside the research lab. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.