17β-estradiol differentially activates mitogen-activated protein-kinases and improves survival following reperfusion injury of reduced-size liver in mice

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R-I), which is unavoidable in liver transplantation, impairs liver regeneration and predisposes to liver failure. The three major mitogen-activated protein-kinases (MAPKs): ERK, p38, and JNK, are critical in the transmission of signals triggered by proinflammatory cytokines, by stress, and by growth factors. JNK and p38 alpha activation have been associated with apoptosis; p38 beta with cell survival; and ERK with proliferation. Previous studies have demonstrated gender dimorphism in hepatocellular dysfunction after experimental trauma and hemorrhage. Female mice are protected to a much greater extent from I/R-I than mate mice. We assessed the effects of 17 beta-estradiol (17 beta-E) on liver function, host survival, and cellular activation of MAPK in a murine model of I/R-I in reduced-size livers. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 45 minutes of warm ischemia (70% of the liver mass). After reperfusion, the nonischemic lobes were excised. Vehicle, 17 beta-E or the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI-182780, was delivered 1 hour before the injury. We evaluated AST and apoptosis as well as activation of JNK, p38, and ERK. Female mice showed a lower level of hepatocellular injury (AST = 445 +/- 82 IU/L) after I/R-I compared with male mice (AST = 1400 +/- 210). 17 beta-E decreased the liver injury in male mice (AST = 522 +/- 77), an effect that was partially reversed by ICI-182,780 (910 92). A higher rate of apoptosis was observed in male animals given saline (enrichment factor = 7.22 +/- 0.8) versus those treated with 17 beta-E (5.85 +/- 0.3, P < .05). A significant increase in liver regeneration, as assessed by the percentage of liver weight/body weight was demonstrated in females (184% +/- 24%) and male mice given 17 beta-E (168% +/- 22%) compared with male mice given vehicle (9% +/- 4%). 17 beta-E significantly downregulated JNK and p38a activities, whereas I/R-I promoted p38,B and ERK activation. These results suggest that the cytoprotective effects of 17 beta-E on I/R-I to reduced-size livers are associated with selective modulation of MAPK kinases.