Solubility and hydrolysis of tetravalent actinides

The solubility and hydrolysis of Th(IV), U(IV), Np(IV), and Pu(IV) are critically reviewed and a comprehensive set of thermodynamic constants at I = 0 and 25 degreesC is presented. The hydrolysis constants are selected preferentially from experimental studies at actinide trace concentrations. where the interference of colloid formation can be excluded. Unknown formation constants of mononuclear complexes An(OH)(n)(4-n) are estimated by applying a semi-empirical electrostatic model and an empirical correlation with the known constants of other actinide ions. Based on the known and estimated hydrolysis constants, the solubility products of An(OH)(4)(am) or AnO(2). xH(2)O(am) are calculated from experimental solubility data available in the literature. The SIT is used for ionic strength corrections. The solubilities of U(IV), Np(IV), and Pu(IV) hydroxides or hydrous oxides can be calculated by accounting only for mononuclear hydrolysis species. The considerably higher solubilities of amorphous Th(IV) precipitates at pH <5 include major contributions of polynuclear species. The solubility data in acidic solutions depend strongly on the preparation and crystallinity of the solid phase. In neutral and alkaline solutions, where An(OH)(4)(aq) are the predominant aqueous species, the solubilities of AnO(2)(cr) become equal to those of the amorphous solids. This indicates that the crystalline dioxides are covered by amorphous hydroxide layers.