Stability of plasma levels of cytokines and soluble activation markers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection

Cytokine and immune activation marker levels in plasma are valuable measurements of immune status and treatment effects in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and AIDS. Five populations representing various stages of disease were studied: controls, 2 AIDS groups with <50/mm(3) CD4 cells, and 2 groups of HIV-positive subjects-1 with stable CD4 T cells (median, 545/mm(3)) and 1 with >100/mm(3) CD4 cell decline in 1 year. Relatively stable levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, soluble TNF receptor (R)II soluble interleukin-2R, neopterin, and beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)M) were documented over 5-8 weeks in patients with AIDS and for 1-4 years in the other groups. beta(2)M was generally the most stable marker. Interferon-gamma levels, however, fluctuated substantially. Individuals, whether normal or HIV-positive, maintain characteristic plasma levels of cytokines and immune activation markers. Thus, documented changes, in excess of the variability observed in this study, are likely to be significant indicators of change in disease status or effects of therapy.