On examining different proteomic approaches for the investigation of structure-function relationships of erythropoietin (EPO) receptor signaling, it was found that two-dimensional gel electrophoresis/mass spectrometry procedures are clearly limited in their ability to detect low-expressed signaling proteins. Instead it was found that a strategy involving anti-phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitation, one-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1DE), and capillary liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) provides the sensitivity required for identification of signaling proteins. In the present work the immunoprecipitation/1DE/LC/MS approach was combined with an in-gel O-18-labeling technique to analyze EPO receptor-dependent proteins. Identification and relative quantification of more than 180 EPO receptor-dependent proteins were achieved directly based on the in-gel O-18-labeling approach. Copyright (C) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.