Effects of apolipoprotein E genotype on spatial attention, working memory, and their interaction in healthy, middle-aged adults: Results from the National Institute of Mental Health's BIOCARD study

The cognitive consequences of the apolipoprotein E-epsilon 4 (APOE-epsilon 4) allele were examined in middle age, before likely onset of symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. The authors identified 3 cognitive processes-visuospatial attention, spatial working memory, and the effect of visuospatial attention on working memory-and devised "behavioral assays" of the integrity of components of these processes. Redirecting visuospatial attention, retention of memory for location, and attentional modulation of memory of target location were affected by APOE genotype. Visuospatial attention showed additive effects of epsilon 4 gene dose; each additional epsilon 4 allele inherited further slowed disengagement from invalidly cued space. In contrast, working memory performance was affected only in epsilon 4 homozygotes. Effect sizes for the APOE gene were moderate to large, ranging from 14% to 24%. Effects of APOE genotype on component processes of cognition in healthy, middle-aged adults is consistent with the emergence in adulthood of an APOE-epsilon 4 cognitive phenotype.