Proton extraction from the CERN SPS using bent silicon crystals

The extraction of high energy particles from a circular accelerator by means of channeling in bent crystals is an attractive alternative to classical extraction schemes, in particular for high energy proton colliders where a classical scheme becomes expensive and incompatible with normal operation. This paper reviews the ongoing extraction experiments at the CERN-SPS with bent silicon crystals. It describes the principles of beam extraction by means of a bent crystal and the different extraction schemes used: first- and multi-pass extraction and the methods to create diffusion, The limitations in tuning the accelerator to the desired impact parameters and crucial items concerning crystal preparation, bending and pre-alignment are discussed. The experimental procedures including an overview of the detection of circulating and extracted beam are given. Finally, the paper summarizes the results of these experiments together with ideas for future developments.