Exploring organic compound interactions with organic matter: The thermodynamic cycle approach

Several approaches for studying sorption of organic compounds by natural organic matter (OM) include correlations of compound OM-water distribution coefficients (K-OM) with such properties as n-octanol-water distribution coefficients (K-OW), compound (liquid) aqueous solubilities (S-Aq), or multiple parameter linear free energy relationships (LFERs). However, such K-OM-based comparisons of sorbate-OM interactions for different organic compounds may be obscured by compound solvation interactions in the bulk aqueous phase. To avoid this complication, we employ two alternative means for simultaneously eliminating the contribution from solute hydration in the aqueous phase, and for providing a single inert reference standard state. Both means utilize a thermodynamic cycle for replacing the aqueous reference state with an inert reference state (either gas phase or inert solvent), while maintaining the same final hydrated sorbed state. In this review, we describe both approaches and demonstrate their utility for elucidating sorption mechanisms, as well as discuss the rationale for choosing one approach (the g-as phase reference state) or the other (inert solvent reference state). Specifically we demonstrate that: (i) specifically interacting compounds have an essentially greater ability to undergo interactions with hydrated soil organic matter as compared with non-specifically interacting compounds of the same molar refraction; (ii) in many cases, greater interaction ability is correlated with compound ability to undergo hydrogen bond formation with the hydrated soil organic matter phase; (iii) interactions of solute molecules with the bulk aqueous phase compensate for specific interactions between sorbate molecules and the soil organic matter phase, resulting in 'apparent' hydrophobic partitioning behavior of specifically-interacting solutes that masks compound specific interactions with soil organic matter; (iv) the overall trend in increasing strength of compound interactions with OM is as follows: aromatic and Cl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons <= aliphatic hydrocarbons and Cl-substituted aliphatic hydrocarbons approximate to anisole approximate to o-Cl-nitrobenzene < nitrobenzene < acetophenone < 2,4-di-Cl-phenol approximate to atrazine approximate to benzyl alcohol < pyridine < phenol < m-nitrophenol; (v) only those compounds that, interact most strongly with OM exhibit significant sorption isotherm nonlinearity; (vi) other commonly used standard states such as pure compound (liquid) state and solution in n-octanol are considerably less useful in deciphering sorption mechanisms; (vii) strength of compound interaction with hydrated OM is correlated with the effect of OM hydration on compound sorption. Thus, using a single inert reference state (either gas phase or inert solvent), is shown to be valuable for delineating the differences in organic compound interactions with OM. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.