Transdermal controlled administration of verapamil - Enhancement of skin permeability

Rapid permeation of verapamil hydrochloride (VHCl) across the skin using finite dose loading is documented. Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) systems of VHCl using hydrophilic polymers - polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and different concentrations of an enhancer, d-limonene were developed. In-vitro permeation profiles across the guinea-pig dorsal and human cadaver skins using a Keshary-Chien diffusion cell are reported. The permeation rate was enhanced and followed approximately zero order kinetics.