Intra and interobserver variability of preoperative planning for surgical instrumentation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Surgical instrumentation planning for the correction of scoliosis involves many difficult decisions, especially with the introduction of multi-segmental and other instrumentation technologies. A preliminary study has shown a high variability in planning among a small group of surgeons. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate and analyze the selection of fusion levels and instrumentation choices among a more extended group of scoliosis surgeons. Thirty-two experienced spinal deformity surgeons were asked to provide their preferred posterior instrumentation planning for five patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) using a graphical worksheet and the usual preoperative X-rays. Overall, the number of implants used ranged from 8 to 30 per patient (mean 16; SD 6): 71% of these were mono-axial screws, 20% multi-axial screws, and 9% hooks. The selected superior and inferior instrumented vertebrae varied up to six levels. The following significant groups of strategies were identified: A- "All Pedicle Screws Constructs" [N (A) = 103; 66%]; B- "All Hooks constructs" [N (B) = 5; 3%]; C- "Hybrid Constructs" [N (C) = 48; 31%]. A top-to-bottom attachment sequence was selected in 49% of all cases, a bottom-up in 46%, and an alternate order in 4%. A large variability in preoperative instrumentation strategy exists in AIS within an experienced group of orthopedic spine surgeons. The impact of such choices on the resulting correction is questioned and will need to be determined with adequate clinical, biomechanical, and computer simulation prospective studies.