Melanoma is an aggressive tumor with increasing incidence worldwide. Biomarkers are valuable tools to minimize the cost and improve efficacy of treatment of this deadly disease. Serological markers have not widely been introduced in routine clinical practice due to their insufficient diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. It is likely that the lack of objective responses with traditional treatment hinder biomarker research and development in melanoma. Recently, new drugs and therapies have, however, emerged in advanced melanoma with noticeable objective response ratio and survival. In this new scenario, serological tumor markers should be revisited. In addition, other potential circulating biomarkers such as cell-free DNA, exosomes, microRNA, and circulating tumor cells have also been identified. In this review, we summarize classical and emerging tumor markers and discuss their possible roles in emerging therapeutics.
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[1]
Abraha HD, 1997, BRIT J DERMATOL, V137, P381, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1997.tb03742.x
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St Lukes Canc Ctr, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USAErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
Agarwala, Sanjiv S.
;
Keilholz, Ulrich
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Free Univ Berlin, D-12200 Berlin, GermanyErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
Keilholz, Ulrich
;
Gilles, Erard
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Genta Inc, Berkeley Hts, NJ 07922 USAErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
Gilles, Erard
;
Bedikian, Agop Y.
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Univ Texas MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USAErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
Bedikian, Agop Y.
;
Wu, Jane
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Genta Inc, Berkeley Hts, NJ 07922 USAErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
Wu, Jane
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Kay, Richard
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Rkstatistics, Great Longstone, Bakewell, Derby, EnglandErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
Kay, Richard
;
Stein, Cy A.
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Albert Einstein Montefiore Canc Ctr, Bronx, NY 10467 USAErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
Stein, Cy A.
;
Itri, Loretta M.
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Genta Inc, Berkeley Hts, NJ 07922 USAErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
Itri, Loretta M.
;
Suciu, Stefan
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AISBL IVZW, Eortc Data Ctr, B-1200 Brussels, BelgiumErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
Suciu, Stefan
;
Eggermont, Alexander M. M.
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Erasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, NetherlandsErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
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St Eloi Hosp, Univ Med Ctr, Inst Res Biotherapy, Lab Rare Human Circulating Cells, Montpellier, France
Arnaud de Villeneuve Hosp, Lab Cell & Hormonal Biol, Univ Med Ctr, Montpellier, France
Univ Inst Clin Res UM1 EA2415 Epidemiol Biostat &, Montpellier, FranceSt Eloi Hosp, Univ Med Ctr, Inst Res Biotherapy, Lab Rare Human Circulating Cells, Montpellier, France
Alix-Panabieres, Catherine
;
Pantel, Klaus
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Univ Med Ctr Hamburg Eppendorf, Dept Tumor Biol, Ctr Med Expt, Univ Canc Ctr Hamburg, D-20246 Hamburg, GermanySt Eloi Hosp, Univ Med Ctr, Inst Res Biotherapy, Lab Rare Human Circulating Cells, Montpellier, France
机构:
St Lukes Canc Ctr, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USAErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
Agarwala, Sanjiv S.
;
Keilholz, Ulrich
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Free Univ Berlin, D-12200 Berlin, GermanyErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
Keilholz, Ulrich
;
Gilles, Erard
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h-index: 0
机构:
Genta Inc, Berkeley Hts, NJ 07922 USAErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
Gilles, Erard
;
Bedikian, Agop Y.
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Univ Texas MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USAErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
Bedikian, Agop Y.
;
Wu, Jane
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h-index: 0
机构:
Genta Inc, Berkeley Hts, NJ 07922 USAErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
Wu, Jane
;
Kay, Richard
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Rkstatistics, Great Longstone, Bakewell, Derby, EnglandErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
Kay, Richard
;
Stein, Cy A.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Albert Einstein Montefiore Canc Ctr, Bronx, NY 10467 USAErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
Stein, Cy A.
;
Itri, Loretta M.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Genta Inc, Berkeley Hts, NJ 07922 USAErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
Itri, Loretta M.
;
Suciu, Stefan
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
AISBL IVZW, Eortc Data Ctr, B-1200 Brussels, BelgiumErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
Suciu, Stefan
;
Eggermont, Alexander M. M.
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Erasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, NetherlandsErasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Dept Surg Oncol, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
机构:
St Eloi Hosp, Univ Med Ctr, Inst Res Biotherapy, Lab Rare Human Circulating Cells, Montpellier, France
Arnaud de Villeneuve Hosp, Lab Cell & Hormonal Biol, Univ Med Ctr, Montpellier, France
Univ Inst Clin Res UM1 EA2415 Epidemiol Biostat &, Montpellier, FranceSt Eloi Hosp, Univ Med Ctr, Inst Res Biotherapy, Lab Rare Human Circulating Cells, Montpellier, France
Alix-Panabieres, Catherine
;
Pantel, Klaus
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Med Ctr Hamburg Eppendorf, Dept Tumor Biol, Ctr Med Expt, Univ Canc Ctr Hamburg, D-20246 Hamburg, GermanySt Eloi Hosp, Univ Med Ctr, Inst Res Biotherapy, Lab Rare Human Circulating Cells, Montpellier, France