Combining methods to identify new measures of women's drinking problems .1. The ethnographic stage

In recent years, some researchers in the alcohol survey field have raised concerns about the shortcomings in severity/frequency scabs for drinking and drinking problems used for both clinical and household survey purposes, especially with regard to women. This article reports on Part I of a two-part study that used ethnographic and survey methods to assess indicators of drinking problems among women across various US subcultures. Methodology for the ethnographic component consisted of three steps: analysis of findings in literature on indicators of women's drinking problems, and analysis of indicators addressed in the most commonly used standard instruments for alcohol assessment; semi-structured interviews with 12 specialists in treatment and/or research who focused on alcohol problems of women; and semi-structured interviews with 65 women from four ethnic populations who were clients in alcohol treatment centers. Analysis of these data from the ethnographic component produced a taxonomy of indicators of women's drinking problems and fourteen novel indicators that are not included or are inadequately examined in the most commonly used alcohol assessment instruments. The novel indicators were then incorporated into a questionnaire wed for a county-wide survey of men and women that assessed indicators of drinking problems. Report of findings from the survey are presented in the second paper of this series.