Educational attainment and response to HAART during initial therapy for HIV-1 infection

Objective: Previous research has demonstrated an association between educational attainment (EA) and negative physical and psychological outcomes. This study investigated whether EA is associated with regimen failure during initial therapy with highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) and whether adherence self-efficacy (ASE), a coping resource, moderates the relationship between EA and regimen failure. Methods: A secondary analysis of AIDS Clinical Trial Group Protocol 384, an international, multicenter, randomized, partially double-blinded trial, included 799 male and 181 female antiretroviral-naive subjects (age, 37.0 +/- 9.5 years). Participants were recruited from 1998 to 1999 and followed for a median of 2.3 years across 81 centers. The dependent variable was "time to first regimen failure." Covariates include baseline HIV-1 log(10) RNA and CD4(+) counts, self-reported adherence, study site, ASE, age, sex, race, treatment assignment, and baseline use of nonantiretroviral medications. Results: ASE significantly moderated the relationship between EA and regimen failure. Results showed that for every 10-unit increase in ASE, individuals with "less than high school" education had a 17% reduction in regimen failure (hazard ratio=0.83; 95% confidence interval=0.70-0.98) when compared to the reference group "college/graduate," even after adjusting for baseline factors known to contribute to regimen failure. The time to first regimen failure was shorter with decreasing EA, trending toward significance (P=.08). Conclusions: There is a social gradient in HAART effectiveness, and ASE reduces the deleterious effects of lower EA on regimen failure. We recommend designing controlled interventions to evaluate the effectiveness of programs that increase ASE prior to initiation with HAART, particularly for those with lower EA. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.