Predicting field performance using seedling quality assessment

Seedling quality is defined as ''fitness for purpose''. Attributes for assessing seedling quality are grouped in ''material attributes'' that can be rapidly assessed by any number of direct or indirect methods, and ''performance attributes'' that are assessed by subjecting whole seedlings to certain environmental regimes and evaluating their growth response. ''Material attributes'' comprising morphology, bud dormancy, water relations and nutrition and ''performance attributes'' comprising frost hardiness, vigour and mot growth potential are discussed with regard to relevance for predicting field performance. Measurement techniques and relevance in assessing seedling quality are presented for different physiological attributes: electrolyte leakage, enzymatic activity, water potential, water conductance, mineral nutrition, food reserves, mitotic index, gas exchange, chlorophyll content, plant growth regulators, stress-induced volatile emission, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Methods with future potential in improving the prediction of field performance are identified and discussed. The methods presented in this respect are chlorophyll fluorescence, infrared thermography, machine vision systems, integrated approaches and ecophysiological evaluations.