Changes of serum cytokines-related Th1/Th2/Th17 concentration in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis

Background: Postmenopausal osteoporosis is now hypothetically considered to be an autoimmune and inflammatory process in which many pro-inflammatory and T cell-derived cytokines play important roles in the loss of bone mass. For instance, interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secreted by Thl and IL-6, IL-4, and IL-10 secreted by Th2 have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a characteristic cytokine secreted by Th17 cells of the CD4 + subgroup. Although IL-17 has been shown to enhance bone resorption in ovariectomized mouse model, bone cells and genetic research, human-related studies of IL-17 are few. Methods: According to WHO classification of osteoporosis by the T scores of BMD, the subjects were divided into the postmenopausal osteoporosis group (T scores <=-2.5), the postmenopausal osteopenia group (-2.5 < T scores<-1), and the postmenopausal normal BMD group (T scores >=-1); 30 subjects in each group. Cytometric bead array (CBA) technique was employed for serum determination of the primary indexes including IL-17A, IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-10 concentrations in the 90 volunteers. In the meantime, serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were also determined in the patients. One-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) was employed in data analysis to determine whether the testing results of various parameters had significant differences. The bivariate correlation was tested with the Pearson correlation coefficient. When p < 0.05, the difference was considered to have statistical significance. Results: Serum IL-17A concentration was significantly higher in the postmenopausal osteoporosis group than in the postmenopausal osteopenia group and the postmenopausal normal BMD group, but the difference between the postmenopausal osteopenia group and the postmenopausal normal BMD group had no statistical significance. IL-17A was negatively correlated with BMD. To our knowledge, we discovered for the first time that serum concentrations of IFN-gamma and IL-4 were significantly lower in the postmenopausal osteoporosis group than in the postmenopausal normal BMD group; IFN-gamma and IL-4 were positively correlated with BMD. In addition, we also determined that BMI was negatively correlated with BMD; IL-17A was positively correlated with serum calcium. However, no significant differences in IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-2, and IL-10 were observed among the three groups; these three factors were not correlated with BMD. Conclusions: Our experiments have confirmed the roles of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis and in the promotion of bone resorption. Targeted therapy of IL-17, IFN-gamma, and IL-4 may be beneficial in the treatment of patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Our experiments have also confirmed the roles of IFN-gamma and IL-4 in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis and in the inhibition of bone resorption.