Solution structure of the heparin-binding domain of vascular endothelial growth factor

Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelial cell-specific mitogen and is a potent angiogenic and vascular permeabilizing factor. VEGF is also an important mediator of pathological angiogenesis associated with cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and proliferative retinopathy. The binding of VEGF to its two known receptors, KDR and FIt-2, is modulated by cell-surface-associated heparin-like glycosaminoglycans and exogenous heparin or heparan sulfate. Heparin binding to VEGF(165), the most abundantly expressed isoform of VEGF, has been localized to the carboxy-terminal 55 residues; plasmin cleavage of VEGF(165) yields a homodimeric 110-residue amino-terminal receptor-binding domain (VEGF(110)) and two 55-residue carboxy-terminal heparin-binding fragments. The endothelial cell mitogenic potency of VEGF(110) is decreased significantly relative to VEGF(165), indicating that the heparin-binding domains are critical for stimulating endothelial cell proliferation. Results: The solution structure of the 55-residue heparin-binding domain of VEGF(165) has been solved using data from two-dimensional homonuclear and three-dimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. The structure has two subdomains, each containing two disulfide bridges and a short two-stranded antiparallel beta sheet; the carboxy-terminal subdomain also contains a short alpha helix. Hydrophobic interactions are limited to sidechains packing against the disulfide bridges. Conclusions: The heparin-binding domain of VEGF has no significant sequence or structural similarity to any known proteins and thus represents a novel heparin-binding domain. Most of the positively charged amino acid sidechains are localized on one side of the carboxy-terminal subdomain or on an adjacent disordered loop in the amino-terminal subdomain. The observed distribution of surface charges suggests that these residues constitute a heparin interaction site.