Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections of the head and neck

The presentation of an inflammatory neck mass or an infection refractory to standard antibiotic therapy is one that is commonly encountered when caring for children. These clinically challenging situations can be worrisome for both parents and physician. One condition that always must be considered when treating these patients is a nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection. NTM infections involving the head and neck are common among children and can masquerade as more serious diseases such as a malignancy. Improper treatment can lead to persistent infection lasting months to years, with significant associated morbidity. This article addresses the problem of NTM head and neck infections, their diagnosis, and treatment.