Mortality in megafaunal benthic populations caused by trawl fisheries on the Dutch continental shelf in the North Sea in 1994

We estimated the direct mortality of benthic Fauna caused by one single passage of commercial beam and otter trawls in field experiments. The benthos dredge Triple-D was used to sample megafauna (>1 cm), while macrofauna (>1 mm) were sampled by means of a Reineck boxcorer and, in some cases, a van Veen grab. Direct mortalities ranging from about 5 up to 40% of the initial densities were observed for a number of gastropods, starfishes, small and medium-sized crustaceans, and annelid worms. For bivalve species, direct mortalities were found from about 20 up to 65%. Mortality per m(2) trawled area due to fishing with a 12-m beam trawl was not higher than that due to a 4-m beam trawl. For all species considered, the direct mortality was largely attributed to animals that died in the trawl track, either as a direct result of physical damage inflicted by the passage of the trawl or indirectly owing to disturbance, exposure, and subsequent predation. In 1994, the 12 m beam trawl with tickler chains was the dominant gear type in the Dutch sector, resulting in a mean annual trawling Frequency of 1.23. The mean annual trawling frequencies with the 4 m beam trawl using tickler chains, the 4 m beam trawl with a chain mat, and the otter trawl were 0.13, 0.01, and 0.06, respectively. The annual fishing mortality in invertebrate megafaunal populations in the Dutch sector ranged From 5 up to 39%, with half of the species showing values of more than 20%. For all species studied, the 12 m beam-trawl fisheries caused higher annual fishing mortalities than the concerted action of the other fisheries. Only with respect to species restricted to sandy coastal areas did the 4 m beam-trawl fleet contribute substantially to the annual mortality. Implications of the impact of trawling on the composition of benthic communities are discussed. (C) 2000 International Council for thr: Exploration of thr Sea.