Expression of Bcl2l1, Clcf1, IL-28ra and Pias1 in the mouse heart after single and repeated administration of chlorpromazine

Several chlorpromazine (CPZ)-related deaths have been suspected in forensic autopsies but these are difficult to identify precisely because only low concentrations of CPZ can usually be detected. Patients on CPZ therapy exhibit various cardiovascular diseases, such as arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy. As our previous study revealed that CPZ administration affects the expression of immediate early genes that are induced before any other genes, we expected that CPZ probably affects the heart and, in particular, the gene expression in heart. CPZ changes tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. After stimulation of TNF, the Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway is activated via TNF receptor (TNF-R), and the pathway participates in the regulation of cellular responses such as apoptosis [1]. We used semi-arrays to determine the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in a mouse cardiomyocyte cell line, HL-1, and real-time quantitative-PCR to determine whether the semi-array data applied in vivo in mouse heart after single and once-daily repeated (1-4 weeks) low-dose (0.75 mg/kg) or high-dose (7.5 mg/kg) CPZ treatment. We found that expression of B cell lymphoma 2 like I (Bcl2l1), Cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (Clcf1), Interleukin-28 receptor alpha (IL-28ra) and Protein inhibitor of activated STAT-1 (Pias1) were significantly changed in vivo. All these genes are associated with apoptosis. The expression level of Bcl2l1 was elevated after a single high-dose CPZ treatment and after 1 week of repeated high doses, but returned to baseline from week 2 to week 4. Clcf1 and IL-28ra expression increased from week 2 or 3 after low-dose CPZ treatment. Pias1 also increased from week 2 after low-dose CPZ treatment. Our results indicate that different doses of CPZ can induce distinct patterns of gene expression for preventing the apoptotic progression in mouse cardiomyocytes, suggesting that CPZ can affect cardiomyocytes via the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and that this might lead to cardiomyopathy. In addition, our data may help to clarify the pathophysiology of cardiornyopathy induced by CPZ and to diagnose cardiac sudden death following CPZ treatment. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.