Alpha-2 macroglobulin is genetically associated with Alzheimer disease

Alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha-M-2; encoded by the gene A2M) is a serum pan-protease inhibitor that has been implicated in Alzheimer disease (AD) based on its ability to mediate the clearance and degradation of A beta, the major component of beta-amyloid deposits. Analysis of a deletion in the A2M gene at the 5' splice site of 'exon II' of the bait region (exon 18) revealed that inheritance of the deletion (A2M-2) confers increased risk for AD (Mantel-Haenzel odds ratio=3.56, P=0.001). The sibship disequilibrium test (SDT) also revealed a significant association between A2M and AD (P=0.00009). These values were comparable to those obtained for the APOE-epsilon 4 allele in the same sample, but in contrast to APOE-epsilon 4. A2M-2 did not affect age of onset. The observed association of A2M with AD did not appear to account for the previously published linkage of AD to chromosome 12, which we were unable to confirm in this sample. A2M, LRP1 (encoding the alpha-M-2 receptor) and the genes for two other LRP ligands, APOE and APP (encoding the amyloid P-protein precursor), have now all been genetically linked to AD, suggesting that these proteins may participate in a common neuropathogenic pathway leading to AD.